Cultural Identities

Religious Identity Makes a Comeback

2006-08-18T21:42:00.000Z

One of the consequences of Bush and Blair's rhetoric on the political stage ('axis of evil' and 'arc of extremism') is that it constantly insists on the centrality of faith in the problems of terrorism. The debates about why Blair prevaricated against calling for a ceasfire in Lebanon or why the invasion of Iraq was illegitimate/ill-judged, is placed outside the frame of explanation.

Instead this rhetoric has the effect of raising the importance of religious identity and in particular of priviledging the position arguing that muslims are victims of a Western neo-conservation/christian fundamentalist/imperialist conspiracy. With a proliferation of religious identities struggling for voice and disturbing the existance of secular cultures (where only secular cultures can allow the proliferation of multiple faiths) we certainly face dangerous times.

Collaboration in Italy

2006-08-03T11:15:00.000Z

I've just got back from a visit to Italy to look into the possibilities of students at the Universities of Reggio Emilia and Modena collaborating with us on the Cultural Identities unit this coming academic year. The idea is to invite some of the Italian students to participate in the WebCT environment during the year, understand what they could input and develop different kinds of participative collaboration.
It's an exciting development and will lead us all into types of cross-cultural investigation. (the flickr badge below contains some of the photos I took during the trip)

Political Identity: Hezbollah

2006-07-20T15:04:00.000Z

President Bush seems a little confused about the status of Hezbollah. He moves from regarding Hezbollah as an entity which is being controlled by a nation-state (Syria) to one which has the equivalence of a nation-state. He does this by coining the word Hezbollians. This is what he said in a news release (18th July 2006)

Listen, Syria is trying to get back into Lebanon, it looks like to me. We passed United Nations Resolution 1559, and finally this young democracy, or this democracy became whole, by getting Syria out. And there's suspicions that the instability created by the Hezbollian attacks will cause some in Lebanon to invite Syria back in, and it's against the United Nations policy and it's against U.S. policy.

So, from Grecians to East Timorians we now have Hezbollians. Who said that naming brings into existance?

Language: The language of US identity

2006-03-24T11:46:00.000Z

I've just come across an interesting clip from 'Boston Legal', a court-room drama show from the USA. It's a closing speech which summarises the case for 'democracy' and in so doing constructs a powerful 'fictional' identity for US nationalism. It raises a lot of questions ... some of which I will explore in the Unit next year.

It can be viewed here ...

Diaspora: Scottish identity

2006-03-21T16:45:00.000Z

To follow up some of our ideas on diaspora's here's an article by Sarah Hepburn who takes issue with the attitude of some Scots to ex-pats.

Read the article here ...

Resource for Globalisation/Fundamentalisms

2006-03-01T16:42:00.000Z

Thanks to Alexia for pointing out this lecture to me today after our session looking at 'Yasmin'. It's by Prof Ali Mazrui, Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University, New York and delivered as part of the BBC World Service Lectures. Both audio and text files are available.

Professor Mazrui argues that western culture is the dominant global culture. The validity of this culture needs to be challenged and is being challenged. But as Confucian or Islamic cultures assert themselves, their validity also needs to be challenged. And challenge itself is a process that enriches and expands the global culture.

This chimes in with some of the input I gave before seeing the film and informs some of our debate after it.
The lecture is available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/world_lectures/mazrui_sum.shtml

Identity Politics: British Academy Lecture

2006-02-24T14:31:00.000Z

A number of British Academy lectures are now available online including an interesting lecture/panel discussion 'Identity Politics' Chaired by Professor Adam Kuper, FBA, Brunel University.

Identity Politics: The presentation of self ... beards

2006-02-02T11:31:00.000Z

BBC has what looks like an interesting documentary programmed for this evening. 'Travels with my beard'.

Having not shaved for a few days after the 7th of July, Rajesh Thind starts to notice that he's suddenly getting some very peculiar looks on the tube. When he's stopped and searched as a potential terrorist, he starts to wonder if his life in Britain is ever going to be the same again.

In the aftermath of the July bombings in London, Mischief decided to find out what post-suicide-bombs Britain would be like for a chap with a beard on his chin and a rucksack on his back.

Britishness: Fabian Society conference

2006-01-15T20:56:00.000Z

Shame that the Fabian society's conference on Britishness was hijacked by Gordon Brown - wittingly or unwittingly. Only his speech has been extensively covered in the media though I suspect many others had more interesting observations on the nature and state of understandings of British identity.

Brown's contribution is reviewed here ...

Icons - A Portrait of England

2006-01-15T20:49:00.000Z

Yes, the site has finally been launched. Commissioned by Culture Online, part of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Here's the blurb from their home page:

ICONS will be a rich resource of material about our lives and cultural heritage. Teachers will use it to stimulate classroom learning. Inspiring content will spark visits to arts venues and events. It will whet the appetites of tourists and provide valuable reference material for students. The content for the site will be created by the ICONS team and our partner organisations, but we would also value contributions from you

We hope this site will intrigue individuals and organisations and inspire them to get involved. We want to spread our net as widely as possible, to interest people who might not normally go to museums or art galleries. Triggering a response from people who do not usually use the web is also a priority. Our life-long learning partners will be useful allies here.

ICONS is the first project by ICONS Online, a not-for-profit organisation whose aim is to develop projects that provide stimulating interactive ways of exploring different cultural landscapes

Access the site here ...

Richard Sennett Interviewed in the Guardian

2006-01-15T20:28:00.000Z

Interesting that two of the sociologists reviewed in the cultural identities unit have been seen as 'allied' or 'mentors' of Tony Blair. First it was Anthony Giddens who gave us 'the reflexive project of the self' in late modernity and gave Blair the 'third way'. Now it is the turn of Richard Sennett who we looked at in establishing the nature of the 'post' in modernism through the eyes of Nico in The Corrosion of Character and who Blair uses to give credance to his Respect agenda. Blair et al refer to Sennett's ideas in his Respect: the Formation of Character in an Age of Inequality but in this interview with Sennett, Stuart Jeffries suggests that they may have totally misinterpreted the book's thesis.

Read the interview with Sennett here ...

English national identity - what, again?

2006-01-09T18:40:00.000Z

National naval-gazing or another PR stunt to construct a dying sense of English national identity? This new initiative to explore the imaginings of a nation uses both the TV strategy of 'the 100 best' allied to the 'viewers choice' to list the national icons, 2006.

Here's Richard Brooks, Arts Editor of the Sunday Times on the governments latest initiate (which, incidentally came out the same day that Tony Blair was putting forward his latest ideas for ridding the country of another of its national icons - anti-social behaviour!)

FIRST it was John Major’s vision of a Britain of “long shadows on county grounds, warm beer and invincible green suburbs”. Then new Labour tried to rebrand the country as cool Britannia, promoting the merits of Blur and Britart.
Now the government is funding a list of national icons that some hope could save England from the “white van man” image of a St George’s flag stuck to the inside of a vehicle window.

The Icons Online project, which will choose items after votes from the public, will be launched tomorrow by David Lammy, the culture minister.

Lets keep an eye out for the new website and the commentary that is likely to pour forth on the whole initiative.

Race: Modern Identity is not all black or white - it's a beige thing

2005-12-31T14:54:00.000Z

Here's an article (Guardian 29 Dec 2005) which explores the (auto)biography of one man who sees himself as very much forging a new understanding of ethnicity through his being 'mixed-race'. 'Who' we are is explored as being very much about the various points along which we identify with others and are identified by them - and this introduces a more nuanced understanding of ethnicity.

You can read the article here ...

The English Harem

2005-12-31T14:40:00.000Z

I'm sure some of you watched The English Harem (ITV1 27 Dec 2005) over the Christmas period. This adaptation of what was originally a fairly whimsical novel published in 2002 retains the superficial and very thin treatment of multicultural Britain found in that novel. It had all the ingredients for a typical piece of Christmas self-righteous and self-satisfied 'entertainment' - love across the racial divide, cultural misunderstandings, tragedy and forgiveness etc. It even had Martine Muclutcheon for a little bit of 'down-to-earth' credibility.

Yet it also reproduced all of those cultural stereotypes it had presumably aimed to question with a feel-good ending reinforcing how love and understanding can win the multicultural day...

I was left feeling that there was (and is) a biting drama to be written on this - but that The English Harem didn't even come close.

Online Journal

2005-11-24T10:10:00.000Z

I've just been looking through the Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture.

WPCC is a peer-reviewed journal, published three times a year in hard copy and PDF format. WPCC recognises the interdisciplinary nature of the field of Media and Cultural Studies, and deliberately encourages diverse methods, contexts and themes.

Its first issue is Media and Migration which contains a number of articles pertinent to our explorations of globalisation and identity. The December issue is Media and Celebrity comes out in December and will be worth visiting.

Zygmunt Bauman

2005-11-18T19:56:00.000Z

Thanks to Lucie for bringing my attention to an interview with the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman in last week's Guardian.

Here's Bauman on the enlightenment project:

What in the 18th century seems to be a great leap forward was not. What happened in those years was just a detour. We've just returned to the starting point after all this tremendous investment in science and technology. The difference now is that we no longer trust the future or believe in progress, we are without the illusions that sustained the modern project. Have a grape.

Although he would deny being a postmodern, Bauman's understanding of 'liquid modernity' to describe our present epoch resonates with many of the ideas we have come across in Sennet's 'Corrosion of Character'. Here's Stuart Jeffrie's (Bauman's interviewer in the article) synopsis of Bauman's 2003 'Liquid Love':

Bauman's 2003 book Liquid Love tackles this issue of exclusion for us "liquid moderns", who have lost faith in the future, cannot commit to relationships and have few kinship ties. We incessantly have to use our skills, wits and dedication to create provisional bonds that are loose enough to stop suffocation, but tight enough to give a needed sense of security now that the traditional sources of solace (family, career, loving relationships) are less reliable than ever. Bauman finds his liquid modern hero working everywhere - jabbering into mobile phones, addictively texting, leaping from one chatroom to another. The liquid modern is forever at work, forever replacing quality of relationship with quantity - always panicking about being left behind or becoming obsolete.

You can read the whole article here ...

CTheory Net

2005-11-10T10:38:00.000Z

CTheory is an international peer-reviewed journal of theory, technology, and culture. It publishes articles and interviews on key topics in cultural studies and includes a number of texts on the nature and explorations of postmodernism including various multi-media experiments. It's well worth a look.

Access it at www.ctheory.net

Race: Trevor Phillips follows-up on Sleepwalking

2005-10-31T17:23:00.000Z

Trevor Phillips answers criticism of the Commission of Racial Equality that they are not dealing with the issues that arose from the murders committed in Birmingham. He also reiterates some of the research that fuelled his now very well-known 'Sleepwalking to Segregation' speech delivered last month in Manchester.

Listen to the interview here ...

Open Lecture MMU

2005-10-28T08:04:00.000Z

The School of Law: GUEST LECTURE

Students and Staff welcome

Mothers and Medical Experts: Constructions of Motherhood in Sudden Infant Death Cases
Tuesday 1st November, 1pm to 2pm: All Saints West 3.03 (Third floor)
Guest Speaker: Professor Fiona Raitt, Dundee University

Community and Identity

2005-10-27T09:03:00.000Z

The search for autonomy in a globalizing world leads some persons to reconsider and reconstruct identities, their understandings of who they are. These changes come in the search for new communities or in the refurbishing of old communities in order to take advantage of globalization or to act to change it. So we find that the ways in which a variety of communities exercise, enhance, find, or lose their autonomy are changing in response to different globalizing pressures.

The above is taken from website based at McMaster University that is one of the outcomes of the on-going SSHRC Major Collaborative Research initiative "Globalization and Autonomy". It contains a useful glossary of terms and articles issues such as community and identity. Well worth checking out.
You can access the site at: http://globalautonomy.ca/

Exhibition at Manchester Museum

2005-10-06T13:49:00.000Z

We discussed the notion that identities are created through symbols and representation in last week's lecture. An exhibition on at Manchester Museum looks at how badges can be seen in this way.

Status Symbols: identity and belief on modern badges

It's on until October 30th and if I get to see it I'll report back my thoughts. If anybody else sees it please leave a comment on this post.

Thanks to Nadia for telling me about this one :)

How Euro Are You?

2005-10-05T13:33:00.000Z

Andrew Marr presents BBC Two's 'How Euro Are You'? The programme looks at different views on the nature of European identity. It also charts the way others see the British (the French and the Germans) and the challenges to the nature of British identity in 2005.

The programme is available over the internet - but you'll need broadband to view it effectively. The site includes an interactive test which you can also try.

Access the programme here ...

Thanks to Alexia for suggesting this link.

Hindu Lives

2005-09-30T09:11:00.000Z

BBC Radio 4 has a new series of 30 minute programmes looking at British Hindus.

1/3. The First Wave: Krishnan Guru-Murthy follows the stories of three generations of British Hindus, finding out how their faith has shaped their identity, how they live and modern British culture.

Listen to the programme here ...

You might also want to compare this programme with a previous broadcast in 2004 in which young British Sikhs talk about the challenges presented to their faith and identity by being part of 21st century Britain.

Second generation Sikhs

Becoming English

2005-09-29T12:55:00.000Z

I can't resist posting this paragraph from 'Youth', a novel I've just finished by the South African writer J. M. Coetzee. Youth's narrator moves to London in the 1960s after being a student in South Africa.

How long will he have to live in England before it is allowed that he has become the real thing, become English? Will getting an English passport be enough, or does an odd sounding foreign name mean he will be shut out forever? And 'becoming English' - what does that mean anyhow? England is the home of two nations: he will have to choose between them, choose whether to be middle-class or working-class English. Already he seems to have chosen. He wears the uniform of the middle-class, reads a middle-class newspaper, imitates middle-class speech. But mere externals such as those are not going to be enough to get him admission, not by a long chalk. Admission to the middle-class - full admission not a temporary ticket valid for certain times of the day on certain days of the year - was decided, as far as he can tell, years ago, even generations ago, according to rules that will forever be dark to him. (Coetzee, J.M. (2003) Youth. London, Vintage)

The rules for belonging seem no less dark to the outsider in 2005 than Coetzee imagined them to be in the 1960s - and no less 'natural' to the insiders.

Multiculturalism and British identity

2005-09-22T12:41:00.000Z

Head of the Commission for Racial Equality, Trevor Phillips talked this morning on the Today programme about his views on multiculturalism and its role in definitions of British identity.

Listen to the interview here ...

The full text of the speech Trevoir Phillips delivered in Manchester is available here ...

Race: Multiculturalism ...?

2005-09-16T14:24:00.000Z

Benjamin Zephaniah, 47, poet, says in an interview in the Guardian:

Race is an important part of my identity, but I wish it wasn't. I'd like to identify myself as a martial artist, an Aston Villa supporter, or a hip-hop reggae person; but when a policeman stops me on the street it has nothing to do with that.

Read the full report: 'Racism is learned behaviour and we have to unlearn it' in which the Guardian asked prominent members of Britain's ethnic minority communities to tell us their thoughts about race, identity and politics.

History of Immigration: Origination

2005-09-09T08:47:00.000Z

Holden Frith in the Times Online:

The web is helping to create a new history of immigration to the UK, based on the experiences of people who travelled to this country.

He then goes on to discuss an initiative called 'Origination' which aims to,

build up a picture of immigration to the UK, bypassing the conventional filters of media and academia to hear the stories told by immigrants and their families.

The Origination website, set up to host this new history, states its objectives as:

Over the next two years ORIGINATION INSITE, working with a number of outstanding cultural partners and in collaboration with Culture Online, will help people develop websites that reflect the diversity and makeup of modern Britain. These sites will form part of a network of sites linked to from the Channel 4 website.

Access the Orignation website
Read Holden Frith's article

Britishness and Immigration

2005-09-09T08:34:00.000Z

A number of discussions have ensued following the publication of the Institute of Public Policy Research into immigration trends. The Guardian argues:

As 30-year demographic changes go, the increase in the percentage of foreign-born people living in this country, from 4.55% of the total in 1971 to 7.53% in 2001, is relatively modest. But a more detailed examination of the figures published yesterday by the Institute for Public Policy Research also reveals a more dramatic and a more dynamic picture of the changing nature of Britain's population, especially depending on where you live.

You can read the full article here ...

Britishness and Immigration

2005-09-07T09:09:00.000Z

Anyone interested in looking at the nature of changing immigration patterns when contextualising the concept of British national identity and the debates surrounding it would do well to look at the following resources.

Destination UK from the BBC

Born Abroad - an immgration map of Britain which is an extensive database compiled from research by Sheffield University Social and Spatial Inequalities Research Group.

A Summer Read ...

2005-09-02T15:10:00.000Z

Here's a novel for the final rays of the summer - and one that just might make you think on and smile at some of the issues we'll be exploring during the year.

'Sex and Other Changes' by David Nobbs looks at the trials and tribulations of suburban sex changes. Here's what the blurb says:

Meet the Divots. They seem a happy married couple, in their cosy suburban home in a cosy suburban town. Then, one day, everything begins to change. Nick drops his bombshell. He wants to become Nicola. Alison is extremely upset, naturally. But she has more reason than most to be upset, because she has a secret too. She wants to become Alan.

It's entertaining, funny and worth a read if you take it as intended ... with a pinch of salt.
Here's waht Nicola says after the 'Op':

Alison looked at herself in the ... Alison looked at himself in the mirror ... Alan looked at himself in the mirror. That was it. You're Alan now, Alison, he told herself. No, you're Alan now, Alan. He couldn't tell Alison that he was Alan. There was no Alison to tell. There was no herself. He was Him Indoors. He had crossed his Rubicon. He smiled at the pretentiousness of the phrase.

British National Identity - British values

2005-08-27T19:20:00.000Z

The Telegraph today follows up the exploration of what it means to be British by focussing on the meaning of 'British values'.
The answer for Charles Moore is to look at history (surprise):

Strange that a government that is always talking about the need for "a narrative" to explain its own policies fights shy of the narrative of the nation it governs. It is time to look at the history again.

So, the exploration of the notion of national identity once more becomes a parochial party political issue. Very different from that of the proposed constitution in Iraq.

Moore's article is thought-provoking though and worth a read.

Read it here ...

BBC - Asian Networks

2005-08-22T14:46:00.000Z

In the wake of the London attacks, Drive on BBC - Asian Networks talked to Muslim, Sikh and Hindu youths about their identity and how they see their future. The interviews were broadcast at the end of July 2005

Muslim

Sikh

Hindu

Michael Howard on 'Britishness'

2005-08-17T09:26:00.000Z

The debate over national identity, allegiance and multiculturalism continues with Michael Howard in the Guardian. In his article 'Talk about the British dream' (17.08.2005), Howard argues that multiculturalism has been a failure and that what is necessary is to emphasise the merits of Britishness. He looks to the US and their successful integration of minority (he means muslim) communities into the 'American way of life' and suggests that Britain should move away from so much "attachment to other traditions" and to promote instead what he calls "the British dream."

It's an interesting challenge: creating a national identity which encorporates/transcends attachments to other traditions. Yet the terms of the debate are thus far as unclear as they have been for the past 20 years. This is merely setting the scene for a larger debate on the nature of Britishness and its place in the national/international landscape.

Michael Howard also discussed the questions raised on the Today Programme (17.08.2005).
Listen to the interview here ...

Monbiot versus Friedland

2005-08-11T12:02:00.000Z

Although their arguments were outlined in the press (see post 10.08.2005), here is a short (7 minutes) discussion netween Monbiot and Friedland about the nature of patriotism and its role in causing or preventing terrorist attacks.

Listen here ...

Hyphenated Identities

2005-08-11T10:27:00.000Z

More follow-up on the discussion about the proposal to re-brand ethnic identities following the US model of hyphenating. Joseph Harker in the Guardian (10.08.2005) argues:

Hazel Blears' idea of double-barrelled identities is effectively based on skin colour, and offers only a second-rate nationality.

Read the full article here ...

British National Identity

2005-08-10T09:16:00.000Z

The news is predictably full of opinion pieces on what it means to be British following the bombings in London and the various responses of the government.
Two in particular are worth reading and bookmarking for future reference. The first is a leader in the Telegraph (27.07.2005) which lists "10 core values of the British identity". It's a classic view of the 'fair play and tolerance' theme so prevalent in these discussions. The follow-up corresspondence unsurprisingly reinforces the views.

The correspondence we publish in today's paper is a rebuke to those who are pessimistic about the future of this country, and who despair of our ability to meet the current terrorist threat. When we stand up for freedom, tolerance and the rule of law, and then noisily assert the superiority of that way of life, we offer a proper alternative to those who would immolate themselves and others.

A counter-argument is eloquently made by George Monbiot in the Guardian (09.08.2005). In The New Chauvinism Monbiot argues that while he's not ashamed of being British he sees no reason why he should love Britain more than any other country. In particular, he looks at the dangers inherent in the patriotism evoked today in calls for national unity. A different tenor of response to his ideas in the Guardian letters contrasts with that in the Telegraph.

Patriotism implies pride. I consider myself "lucky" to be British, with advantages many in the world are denied, but how can I be "proud" of a fortunate accident of birth?" (Louisa Mallett York)

No doubt the debate will rage on.

Re-branding ethnic identities

2005-08-08T10:22:00.000Z

There is a report out by the government which suggest that ethnic minority groups could be given new descriptions in an effort to strengthen their identity in the UK. BBC News has an article about this which follows up on the recent discussions of multiculturalism in the UK and how the terms have been shifting in recent weeks.

Here is an interesting discussion on the Today programme which contrasts the views of Jasmin alibi Brown (Guardian writer) and Dr Jeevan Singh Deol (SOAS). Whilst Brown welcomes the hyphenated identity label British-Asian and believes the label "makes us who we are", Deol thinks that it is another form of 'ghettoisation' and one which covers the real issue which is race and the problems we have in referring to people as black, white, or brown. The issues raised all concern the meaning of British and how people are negotiating what it means to be british today.

Identity, Race, and Home

2005-07-25T11:25:00.000Z

Here are some stories of identity, race, and 'home' this time from radio 4's Home Truths.

'When Marion's parents came to the UK from Ghana to study in the early 1960's they fostered their daughter with a British family. This was partly because of the accommodation problems experienced by students from overseas, and partly because it was deemed a good idea at the time for Marion to be given a good grounding in the British way of life. So she found herself living with white foster parents in Sussex, the only black child in her neighbourhood. For the first years of her life, she didn't know that her foster parents weren't her real mum and dad.'

Listen to Marion's story...

Home Truths has another story of a Nigerian 'home-going'. Rosie Collyer was just 2 years old when she was taken into care along with her baby brother, Kenchi. Rosie's mother was originally from Nigeria, but had outstayed her British visa and was eventually deported. Rosie and her brother were both adopted by a white family and moved from Camden in London to Shropshire.

Listen to Rosies' story ...

As a baby Gamal was sent to be fostered by a white middle class family in a village in Kent because his father, being 'old school' Nigerian, thought he'd have a better chance in life if he was 'trained' to be more English.

Listen to Gamal's Story ...

Hannah Moore

2005-07-25T10:47:00.000Z

Interesting article reviewing My Father's Daughter: A Story of Family and Belonging by Hannah Pool, the Guardian's fashion writer. Hannah was adopted from an orphanage in Eritrea and later grew up in Manchester.

'Brought up in Norway, then Manchester, she thrived, and initially resisted all attempts by her adoptive father to interest her in her roots. "I'm not Eritrean, I'm just black," was her favourite line.
Then came a revelation: the nuns at the orphanage, no doubt with the best of intentions, had lied. While her mother had died giving birth to Hannah, her Eritrean father was still alive. And so was at least one brother. After trying without success to suppress this unsettling knowledge, torn by feelings of guilt and betrayal towards her English family, she embarked on the risky adventure of tracing her relatives. '

Read the whole article here ...

Hannah Pool was also interviewed on Radio 4's Start the Week (25th July) in which she talks about the book and the link between fashion and identity.

News and views in 'Terrorist Times'

2005-07-13T22:48:00.000Z

One of the reasons for starting this blog now as a feeder into the Cultural Identities Unit is that the events of the last seven days have thrown into relief a number of issues surrounding the ways in which identities and identifications are constructed and contested.

Although we may think that Stuart Hall et al (in Cultural Studies) had put an end to the 'old' national and cultural identities by arguing that they are groundless and mythical, they do seem to be back with a force in the new politics of identity and identification. In this context of 'terrorist times' in which identities are constructed and circulated through discourses of orientalism, national security and universal human rights - we need to be on our guard. In other words we need to be alert, and yes, probably alarmed at the mechanisms of identity construction we witness through the media - both mainstream and 'citizen' (ie weblogs like this one).

Here are two examples where strong visual narratives create and circulate identities on numerous levels.
The Guardian picture editor's photo-narrative
We're not Afraid .com

One important question is, 'how are these representations of others/ourselves established as truth?